Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources
Addams, Jane. "Why Women Should Vote." Ladies' Home Journal (1910): 21-22. PBS. Web. 02 Feb. 2014. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/wilson/filmmore/fr_addams.html>.
This eloquent proof-based argument, written by prominent Progressive Era activist Jane Addams, summarizes the reasons for why women deserve to be more fully included in city and governmental politics. She cites the fact that woman’s voice specifically needed to be heard for anything to ever get accomplished. I found this source useful because it confirmed the conclusions I had made on my own about the women’s suffrage movement.
Abbott, Lyman. "Why Women Do Not Wish the Suffrage." The Atlantic Sept. 1903, Volume 92 ed.: 289-96. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. <http://www.lasalle.edu/~mcinneshin/251/wk13/antisuffrageABBOTT_files/0309suffrage.htm>.
This is a newspaper article from the early 1900s illustrating another side of the women’s suffrage endeavor. Abbott attempted to explain why he thought women didn’t desire the right to vote using statistics and the definition and effects of voting.
A Living Wage for Working Women of the Post-War World. New York City: National Consumers' League, 1919. Harvard Open Collections: Women Working. Web. 6 Oct. 2013.
This publication is an overview of the minimum wages laws adopted by several states following WWI. I found it, along with many other primary documents, from a database created by Harvard University which follows the advancement and interests of women from 1860-1930 through magazines, photographs, books, diaries, etc. This source was beneficial because it contains charts and tables that exemplify the fact that wages had to be increased if the economy and well-being of the country didn’t want to fail.
Beard, Mary Ritter. Woman's Work in Municipalities. New York: D. Appleton and, 1915. National Municipal League. Google Books. Web. 6 Dec. 2013. <http://books.google.com/books?vid=HARVARD:32044010586394&printsec=titlepage#v=onepage&q&f=false>.
This book, digitized by Google Books, offers an in-depth analysis into the contributions of women in the field of “public housekeeping” during the Progressive Era. It was certainly interesting to read the observations of someone who was alive at the time, and I found some crucial quotes from this book.
Henry, Alice. Women and the Labor Movement. New York City: George H. Doran, 1923. Harvard University Open Collections: Women Working. Web. 14 Jan. 2014. <http://pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/view/2585647?n=192&printThumbnails=no>.
I found some thought-provoking quotes in this book, written by a member of the Women’s Trade Union League. It reviews how women’s contributions to the workforce had changed during the Progressive Era, as in what new laws and regulations were established.
"Labor Revolt in Chicago Is Soon Coming, Says George Creel." The Day Book [Chicago] 6 Mar. 1915: n. pag. Chronicling America, LOC. Web. 8 Jan. 2014. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045487/1915-03-06/ed-2/seq-1/>.
This primary source newspaper article explains why people wanted to go on strike. It emphasizes the terrible conditions people were living in and how companies weren’t paying them enough to live on.
“Legal Recognition of Industrial Women.” Human and Civil Rights: Essential Primary Sources. Ed. Adrienne Wilmoth Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, and K. Lee Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2006. 254-258. U.S. History In Context. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
I was introduced to the historical context of my topic, including Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle and the Progressive Era. This pamphlet for increased rights for laborers touches on health insurance, maternity leave, and compensation. I also learned about the interactions between employers and employees at the time.
Ten Reasons Why The Great Majority of Women Do Not Want the Ballot. Omaha: NAOWS, n.d. Web. <http://nebraskastudies.unl.edu/0700/stories/0701_0112_02.html>.
This article divulges the reasons why anti suffragists thought suffrage would be only detrimental to society as a whole. I added it to the “Protest” side of the “Vote at Last” page.
"Suffragists Pledge Aid to the Nation." New York Times 26 Feb. 1917: n. pag. Web. 30 Nov. 2013. <http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9E01E2DD123BEE3ABC4E51DFB466838C609EDE>.
I read through this newspaper article, published by the New York Times right before America joined World War One. Within, suffragists declared how they were more than willing to help America win the war, but they were still focused on enfranchising women. I will utilize this source to prove how women took on greater responsibilities to gain their rights.
Swanwick, Helena. “Excerpt from The War in Its Effects upon Women.” World War I and the Jazz Age. Woodbridge, CT: Primary Source Media, 1999. American Journey. U.S. History In Context. Web. 14 Sept. 2013.
This article was written by a feminist leader in the early 1900s. Swanwick gives another perspective of females in the job sector. I found some quotes throughout the document, where Swanwick believed the condition of women wouldn’t improve, or hoped society would finally accept women workers after WWI.
United States. Women's Bureau. Standards for the Employment of Women In Industry. First ed., December 12, 1918. 2nd edition, March 1, 1919; 3rd edition, October 15, 1921. Washington: Govt. print. off., 1921.
This is a book published in the 1920s discussing the regulations the Women’s Bureau demanded of employers following WWI. It includes the working conditions, wages, hours, etc. that the Bureau thought were safe for females, but weren’t already enacted.
“Why Six Million Girls Work For An Average Weekly Wage of Six Dollars." The Day Book [Chicago] 30 Aug. 1912: n. pag. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. Web. 3 Oct. 2013.
I found this newspaper article on the Chronicling America database provided by the Library of Congress. Published during the Progressive Era, it offered a rare glimpse into one of the explanations as to why so many women were being paid so little compared to their male counterparts. After studying this source, I was more interested in the various roles unions played during the First World War to help females gain rights.
Wilson, Woodrow. "An Address to the Senate." Speech. 30 Sept. 1918. Iowa State University. Web. 16 Nov. 2013. <http://www.public.iastate.edu/~aslagell/SpCm416/Woodrow_Wilson_suff.html>.
I read through one of Woodrow Wilson’s speeches. In this one, he brings forth the idea of granting women the right to vote to Congress. Wilson backed up the idea by stating that women had become partners of war and they should be rewarded for their assistance, otherwise America wouldn’t be fair in its representation overseas.
Wilson, Woodrow. "Making the World “Safe for Democracy”: Woodrow Wilson Asks for War." Address. Sixty-Fifth Congress, 1 Session, Senate Document No. 5. American Social History Project. Web. 2 Feb. 2014. <http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/4943/>.
This Congressional address, spoken by President Wilson, explains why it was necessary for America to join the Great War. Wilson repeatedly referred the idea of universal democracy and how it was for the good of humanity as a whole if the issues were resolved in WWI. I incorporated an excerpt of this speech on my website to help tie in America’s involvement into the First World War, as well as how the war relates to the theme.
"Women Wanted." American Decades Primary Sources. Ed. Cynthia Rose. Vol. 2: 1910-1919. Detroit: Gale, 2004. 106-108. U.S. History In Context. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
This is a book written by a journalist during WWI. Mabel Potter Daggett, the author, declares that soon women in America would find copious amounts of work in war industries like it was happening in Europe. She puts a different perspective on the labor transformation, and provides a rare glimpse into how women of her time reacted to the opportunities available during the war. I analyzed a few expressive quotes from Daggett.
Women War Workers. London: George G. Harrap and Company, 1917. The Internet Archive. Web. 2 Jan. 2014. <https://archive.org/stream/womenwarworkersa00stonrich#page/n7/mode/2up>.
This book, written at the brink of America’s entrance in WWI, includes first-hand accounts of women who took on the responsibility of creating ammunition, etc. for soldiers in the war. I found a quote from this book which explains how one woman felt after joining the factory.
This eloquent proof-based argument, written by prominent Progressive Era activist Jane Addams, summarizes the reasons for why women deserve to be more fully included in city and governmental politics. She cites the fact that woman’s voice specifically needed to be heard for anything to ever get accomplished. I found this source useful because it confirmed the conclusions I had made on my own about the women’s suffrage movement.
Abbott, Lyman. "Why Women Do Not Wish the Suffrage." The Atlantic Sept. 1903, Volume 92 ed.: 289-96. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. <http://www.lasalle.edu/~mcinneshin/251/wk13/antisuffrageABBOTT_files/0309suffrage.htm>.
This is a newspaper article from the early 1900s illustrating another side of the women’s suffrage endeavor. Abbott attempted to explain why he thought women didn’t desire the right to vote using statistics and the definition and effects of voting.
A Living Wage for Working Women of the Post-War World. New York City: National Consumers' League, 1919. Harvard Open Collections: Women Working. Web. 6 Oct. 2013.
This publication is an overview of the minimum wages laws adopted by several states following WWI. I found it, along with many other primary documents, from a database created by Harvard University which follows the advancement and interests of women from 1860-1930 through magazines, photographs, books, diaries, etc. This source was beneficial because it contains charts and tables that exemplify the fact that wages had to be increased if the economy and well-being of the country didn’t want to fail.
Beard, Mary Ritter. Woman's Work in Municipalities. New York: D. Appleton and, 1915. National Municipal League. Google Books. Web. 6 Dec. 2013. <http://books.google.com/books?vid=HARVARD:32044010586394&printsec=titlepage#v=onepage&q&f=false>.
This book, digitized by Google Books, offers an in-depth analysis into the contributions of women in the field of “public housekeeping” during the Progressive Era. It was certainly interesting to read the observations of someone who was alive at the time, and I found some crucial quotes from this book.
Henry, Alice. Women and the Labor Movement. New York City: George H. Doran, 1923. Harvard University Open Collections: Women Working. Web. 14 Jan. 2014. <http://pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/view/2585647?n=192&printThumbnails=no>.
I found some thought-provoking quotes in this book, written by a member of the Women’s Trade Union League. It reviews how women’s contributions to the workforce had changed during the Progressive Era, as in what new laws and regulations were established.
"Labor Revolt in Chicago Is Soon Coming, Says George Creel." The Day Book [Chicago] 6 Mar. 1915: n. pag. Chronicling America, LOC. Web. 8 Jan. 2014. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045487/1915-03-06/ed-2/seq-1/>.
This primary source newspaper article explains why people wanted to go on strike. It emphasizes the terrible conditions people were living in and how companies weren’t paying them enough to live on.
“Legal Recognition of Industrial Women.” Human and Civil Rights: Essential Primary Sources. Ed. Adrienne Wilmoth Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, and K. Lee Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2006. 254-258. U.S. History In Context. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
I was introduced to the historical context of my topic, including Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle and the Progressive Era. This pamphlet for increased rights for laborers touches on health insurance, maternity leave, and compensation. I also learned about the interactions between employers and employees at the time.
Ten Reasons Why The Great Majority of Women Do Not Want the Ballot. Omaha: NAOWS, n.d. Web. <http://nebraskastudies.unl.edu/0700/stories/0701_0112_02.html>.
This article divulges the reasons why anti suffragists thought suffrage would be only detrimental to society as a whole. I added it to the “Protest” side of the “Vote at Last” page.
"Suffragists Pledge Aid to the Nation." New York Times 26 Feb. 1917: n. pag. Web. 30 Nov. 2013. <http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9E01E2DD123BEE3ABC4E51DFB466838C609EDE>.
I read through this newspaper article, published by the New York Times right before America joined World War One. Within, suffragists declared how they were more than willing to help America win the war, but they were still focused on enfranchising women. I will utilize this source to prove how women took on greater responsibilities to gain their rights.
Swanwick, Helena. “Excerpt from The War in Its Effects upon Women.” World War I and the Jazz Age. Woodbridge, CT: Primary Source Media, 1999. American Journey. U.S. History In Context. Web. 14 Sept. 2013.
This article was written by a feminist leader in the early 1900s. Swanwick gives another perspective of females in the job sector. I found some quotes throughout the document, where Swanwick believed the condition of women wouldn’t improve, or hoped society would finally accept women workers after WWI.
United States. Women's Bureau. Standards for the Employment of Women In Industry. First ed., December 12, 1918. 2nd edition, March 1, 1919; 3rd edition, October 15, 1921. Washington: Govt. print. off., 1921.
This is a book published in the 1920s discussing the regulations the Women’s Bureau demanded of employers following WWI. It includes the working conditions, wages, hours, etc. that the Bureau thought were safe for females, but weren’t already enacted.
“Why Six Million Girls Work For An Average Weekly Wage of Six Dollars." The Day Book [Chicago] 30 Aug. 1912: n. pag. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. Web. 3 Oct. 2013.
I found this newspaper article on the Chronicling America database provided by the Library of Congress. Published during the Progressive Era, it offered a rare glimpse into one of the explanations as to why so many women were being paid so little compared to their male counterparts. After studying this source, I was more interested in the various roles unions played during the First World War to help females gain rights.
Wilson, Woodrow. "An Address to the Senate." Speech. 30 Sept. 1918. Iowa State University. Web. 16 Nov. 2013. <http://www.public.iastate.edu/~aslagell/SpCm416/Woodrow_Wilson_suff.html>.
I read through one of Woodrow Wilson’s speeches. In this one, he brings forth the idea of granting women the right to vote to Congress. Wilson backed up the idea by stating that women had become partners of war and they should be rewarded for their assistance, otherwise America wouldn’t be fair in its representation overseas.
Wilson, Woodrow. "Making the World “Safe for Democracy”: Woodrow Wilson Asks for War." Address. Sixty-Fifth Congress, 1 Session, Senate Document No. 5. American Social History Project. Web. 2 Feb. 2014. <http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/4943/>.
This Congressional address, spoken by President Wilson, explains why it was necessary for America to join the Great War. Wilson repeatedly referred the idea of universal democracy and how it was for the good of humanity as a whole if the issues were resolved in WWI. I incorporated an excerpt of this speech on my website to help tie in America’s involvement into the First World War, as well as how the war relates to the theme.
"Women Wanted." American Decades Primary Sources. Ed. Cynthia Rose. Vol. 2: 1910-1919. Detroit: Gale, 2004. 106-108. U.S. History In Context. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.
This is a book written by a journalist during WWI. Mabel Potter Daggett, the author, declares that soon women in America would find copious amounts of work in war industries like it was happening in Europe. She puts a different perspective on the labor transformation, and provides a rare glimpse into how women of her time reacted to the opportunities available during the war. I analyzed a few expressive quotes from Daggett.
Women War Workers. London: George G. Harrap and Company, 1917. The Internet Archive. Web. 2 Jan. 2014. <https://archive.org/stream/womenwarworkersa00stonrich#page/n7/mode/2up>.
This book, written at the brink of America’s entrance in WWI, includes first-hand accounts of women who took on the responsibility of creating ammunition, etc. for soldiers in the war. I found a quote from this book which explains how one woman felt after joining the factory.
Images
"1912 Roosevelt Editorial Cartoon." Cartoon. World at War, Part I. Northwest Michigan College, 2010. Web. 16 Jan. 2014. <https://www.nmc.edu/tgordon/storyofus/hst112/4_world-at-war_pt1/a_progressive_president.html>.
This political cartoon offers insight on one perspective of the progressive reforms of President Theodore Roosevelt. It was published as he was running for office again, this time with the “Bull Moose” Party platform.
1915. Prominent Women Political Leaders Gather to Commemorate 175 Years of Women In Politics. Web. 28 Mar. 2014. <https://www.simmons.edu/overview/about/news/press/1189.php>.
This photograph of women in the 1915 NYC Suffrage Parade was utilized as the background for a button leading to the “Politics” page. It helps signify the transformation of politics from the Progressive Era to the 21st century.
Alice Paul. N.d. Photograph. Alice Paul. Messiah College. Web. 8 Dec. 2013. <http://home.messiah.edu/~cd1209/alicep.html>.
This is a photo of Alice Paul, one of the founders of the revolutionary National Women’s Party. I put this picture in the timeline I created to make it more evident who I was referring to.
Are You 100% American? Prove It! Buy U.S. Government Bonds. 1918. Robert D. Farber University Archives & Special Collections. WORLD WAR I & WORLD WAR II PROPAGANDA POSTERS. Brandeis University. Web. 7 Jan. 2014. <http://lts.brandeis.edu/research/archives-speccoll/exhibits/wwi-wwiiposters/WWI_1918-1.html>.
This war poster boisterously manifests the mindset of Americans in WWI. There was a general fear of whom to trust, and people tried to prove their loyalty in a multitude of ways.
As a War Measure. 1918. Photograph. Women's Suffrage Ephemera Collection, Bryn Mawr College Library. "A Voice in Their Own Government" - Suffrage and WWI. Bryn Mawr College. Web. 10 Nov. 2013. <http://www.brynmawr.edu/library/exhibits/suffrage/broadside.html>.
This poster, published during WWI, was directed towards Congress in an attempt to gain women’s suffrage. It includes all of the ways women have contributed to the war, and uses that as a reason for why women should be granted voting rights. I applied this photo on the banner of my website.
"A Woman's Mind Magnified." Art Responds to Women's Suffrage: Pro and Con. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Apr. 2014. <http://www.radford.edu/rbarris/Women%20and%20art/amerwom05/suffrageart.html>.
This cartoon shows a deep-seated stereotype of what the average woman’s interests leaned towards. I put it alongside an anti suffrage quote on the “Protest” side of the “Vote at Last” page to give a more thorough examination of why many men were so adamant about denying women the vote.
Be Patriotic. circa 1917-20. Richard F. Brush Art Gallery and Permanent Collection. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. From Litho Stone to Pentium Chip: Interpreting Gender in U.S. World War I Posters. Web. 9 Dec. 2013. <http://stlawu.edu/gallery/education/f/gs103-3-7-2.php>.
This striking poster, showing a woman dressed in red, white, and blue outstretching her arms towards the audience, requests them to “Be Patriotic” and save food for soldiers fighting in Europe. I think this source further stresses the fact that the early 1900s was a time when it was more acceptable for women to go out in public and follow the doctrines of citizenship.
Bien and Co., Julius. Have so Many Little Things to Attend to. 1907. Palczewski, Catherine H. Postcard Archive. University of Northern Iowa., Cedar Falls, Iowa. Feminization of Men. Web. 2 Apr. 2014. <http://www.uni.edu/palczews/NEW%20postcard%20webpage/Feminine%20Men.html>.
This intricate postcard depicts a man taking care of all his children. I think the illustrator was aiming to express how he thought voting would affect family life, and in this case he believed gender roles would switch. I added this picture to the Protest side of the “Vote at Last” page.
Carrie Chapman Catt. An Address to the Congress of the United States. Circa 1918. Bryn Maw College Library, Bryn Mawr, PA. Bryn Mawr College. Web. 3 Jan. 2014. <http://www.brynmawr.edu/library/exhibits/suffrage/congress.html>.
This is an advertisement for one of suffragist Carrie Chapman Catt’s speeches. It shows a man telling Uncle Sam, “She has given me democracy; give democracy to her.”
Child Working. N.d. Photograph. Child Labor During the Gilded Age. The Maxwell School. Web. 12 Jan. 2014. <http://www2.maxwell.syr.edu/plegal/save2/amadorwq1.html>.
This photo of a girl toiling with a loom symbolizes the long story of child labor. Thus, I used it in the Progressive Era timeline along with the section about the Keating-Owen Act, which temporarily abolished abolished much child labor.
Equal Rights Amendment. N.d. Photograph. Wayne State University. Equal Rights Amendment. University of Michigan, 2003. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. <http://www.autolife.umd.umich.edu/Gender/Walsh/EqualRights_amendment.htm>.
This expressive photograph of women holding signs that advocate for the Equal Rights Amendment implies that numerous females did not believe suffrage was enough. I added this to the “Conclusion” page to signify the changes and revisions that have been suggested and implemented over the years.
"Excelsior! Suffragist: "It's No Good Talking to Me about Sisyphus; He Was Only a Man!"" Cartoon. Module 02: Should Women Vote? The Politics of Suffrage. Virginia Tech, n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2014. <http://www.dhr.history.vt.edu/modules/eu/mod02_vote/evidence_detail_09.html>.
This political cartoon establishes the viewpoint of one artist on the consequences of women gaining the right to vote. It exhibits a woman pushing a boulder labeled “women’s suffrage.” I applied this drawing to a slide about other countries granting suffrage because it was made in England.
“Female Garment Workers Labor in a New York City Tenement,” HERB: Resources for Teachers. Web. 14 Jan. 2014. <http://herb.ashp.cuny.edu/items/show/1060.>
This photo is of women sewing clothing in a confined, dark room with few resources, which was very common during the turn of the 20th century.
Flagg, James Montgomery. I Want You for U.S. Army : Nearest Recruiting Station. 1917. Library of Congress. Web. 13 Jan. 2014. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/96507165/resource/cph.3g03859/?sid=469638cc023e69f1e2441cb6db0abebc>.
This photograph is of Uncle Sam mobilizing soldiers to join WWI. I used it to symbolize America’s entry in my timeline.
Grey Nuns of the Cross. 1903. Photograph. Harvard Art Museum, Ogdensburg, New York. Harvard University. Web. 26 Dec. 2013. <http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/ww/vcsearch.php?any=charitable+organizations>.
This is a photo of a volunteer nurse tending to a patient. It represents one of the plethora of ways females became more involved in public work. I incorporated into my website so that if someone clicks on the picture, they are taken to the “Municipal Housekeeping” webpage.
I May Be Your Leader Someday. 1913. Private Collection of Jill Norgren and Wendy Chmielewski. Her Hat Was in the Ring! Swarthmore College. Web. 29 Dec. 2013. <http://www.swarthmore.edu/library/peace/wchmiel1/women%20in%20politics/cartoon%20page.htm#asterick>.
This postcard exhibits some of the opinions during the Progressive Era regarding the effects of women’s suffrage. It includes a drawing of a girl telling a boy “I may be your leader someday.” I applied this image to my website’s banner as to inform my audience of what my topic is.
Israel, Leon. "Strike vs. Lockout." Cartoon. The 1911 Triangle Factory Fire. Cornell University, 2011. Web. 23 Jan. 2014. <http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/primary/photosIllustrations/slideshow.html?image_id=863&sec_id=12#screen>.
This editorial cartoon shows a woman worker challenging her manager about going on strike. It was beneficial because it gives a perspective of what some people thought were truly the issues at hand that the strikers were trying to ameliorate.
Jeanette Rankin. N.d. Photograph. Eliminating Masculine Pronouns, Congressional Old Boys Network Goes Gender-neutral. University of Illinois, 9 Jan. 2009. Web. 13 Jan. 2014. <http://illinois.edu/blog/view/25/5741?display&displayMonth=200901>.
This picture of Jeanette Rankin, the first female Congresswoman, gives a face to the words describing her in my Suffrage timeline.
Kirkland, Wallace W. Charles Hull Homestead. N.d. Jane Addams Collection. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Triptych. Web. 7 Jan. 2014. <http://triptych.brynmawr.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/SC_photo/id/412/rec/4>.
This is a painting of the Hull House, a settlement house founded by Jane Addams in the late 1800s. I used this picture to show viewers how much different the reforms of the Progressive Era were compared to the conditions of life people endured beforehand.
M.B. Remember the Girl Behind the Man Behind the Gun Y. W. C. A. Circa 1920. McFarlin Library, Tulsa, Oklahoma. ENGL 3733: World War I. University of Tulsa, 5 Feb. 2013. Web. 3 Jan. 2014. <http://courses.utulsa.edu/wwi/exhibit/items/show/7>.
This WWI poster was created by the YWCA in an effort to gain support from everyday women. It tells the audience to acknowledge all of the contributions of females.
Nineteenth Amendment: Women Casting Their Votes in New York City. circa 1920s. Photograph. Library of Congress. Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 13 Jan. 2014. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/122459/Women-casting-their-votes-in-New-York-City-1920s>.
This photograph of women voting emphasizes the result of the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment. It allows the audience to experience the time period more clearly. Thus, I added it to the last slide of my Suffrage timeline.
Nurses of America: Humanity Calls You. Ca. 1917-20. From Litho Stone to Pentium Chip: Interpreting Gender in U.S. World War I Posters. St. Lawrence University. Web. 22 Dec. 2013. <http://stlawu.edu/gallery/education/f/gs103-3-4-3.php>.
This is one of an abundance of WWI posters I looked at. This one addresses nurses to “do their part” in the war and to assume their responsibilities, because there are many who rely on their work.
Official Program of the Women's Suffrage Procession, Washington D.C., March 3, 1913. 1913. Bryn Mawr College Library. Bryn Mawr College. Web. 11 Dec. 2013. <http://www.brynmawr.edu/library/exhibits/suffrage/program.html>.
This is a colorful pamphlet representing one of the first and most sensational suffrage parades. The 1913 Parade was considered by many to be a turning point in the Women’s Suffrage Movement.
Panorama Picture Illustrating the Beef Industry. 1906. Photograph. Foodborne Illness: Food Safety - A Historical Look. The Schuster Institute for Investigative Journalism, 2011. Web. 15 Jan. 2014. <http://www.brandeis.edu/investigate/foodborne-illness/history-of-food-safety.html>.
This expository photograph of the inside of a meatpacking plant clarifies the reason the Meat Inspection Act and Food and Drug Act of 1906 were passed.
Progressive Children's Orchestra. N.d. Photograph. Tenement Houses and Progressive Solutions. Fordham University. Web. 5 Jan. 2014. <http://www.fordham.edu/academics/colleges__graduate_s/undergraduate_colleg/fordham_college_at_l/special_programs/honors_program/hudsonfulton_celebra/homepage/progressive_movement/tenements_32232.asp>.
This is a photograph of a woman conducting a children’s orchestra in one of the new schools built during the Progressive Era. I thought it illustrates the multifarious contributions of women well.
Progressive Era Schools. N.d. Photograph. Progressive Education in New York City. Fordham University. Web. 3 Jan. 2014. <http://www.fordham.edu/academics/colleges__graduate_s/undergraduate_colleg/fordham_college_at_l/special_programs/honors_program/hudsonfulton_celebra/homepage/progressive_movement/education_32231.asp#_edn3>.
This glimpse into a school in NYC in the early 1900s proves that women’s service in the Progressive Era was experienced by many. In this photo, a woman is teaching a class full of first generation students, who otherwise would have had meager education.
Protest Against Child Labor in a Labor Parade. 1909. Photograph. Library of Congress, Washington D.C. Digital History Progressive Era. University of Houston. Web. 2 Jan. 2014. <http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=8&psid=2806&filepath=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/primarysources_upload/images/child_labour_l.jpg>.
This photograph is focused on two girls holding signs that declare, “Abolish Child Slavery.” I included this in my Progressive Era web page because it emphasizes child labor, which was one of the issues covered by women during the early 1900s.
Riis, Jacob. Lodgers in a Crowded Bayard Street Tenement--5 Cents a Spot. N.d. Photograph. How the Other Half Lives. Assumption College. Web. 2 Jan. 2014. <http://www1.assumption.edu/ahc/scopes/Declension.html>.
Jacob Riis, a “muckraker” photographer, took this picture of a family living in cramped slums. I used this photo to stress the fact of the terrible conditions countless people lived in during the second industrial revolution.
Sloan, John. Rent, Profit, Interest. 1911. Central Piedmont Community College. Web. 12 Jan. 2014. <http://mark.levengood.people.cpcc.edu/HIS132/LessonDocs/TriangleFirePics/triangle-shirtwaist-factory-fire.jpg>.
This political cartoon is of a triangle, with the words “Rent, Profit, and Interest” written on each side. There is a skeleton and a businessman standing next to it. I thought this drawing represented the cause of the disaster known as the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, and therefore put it in the Progressive Era timeline as an anchor date.
Strikes on the Picket Line, The Uprising of the 20,000, New York, New York. N.d. Photograph. Library of Congress. Modern American History Spring 2011. CUNY, 22 Feb. 2011. Web. 8 Jan. 2014. <http://blsciblogs.baruch.cuny.edu/his1005spring2011/tag/immigrants/>.
This is a photo of two women participating in the Uprising of the 20,000, a massive strike in NYC. I used it to exemplify how prominent strikes were in the Progressive Era, as well as the extent of who participated in them.
Striking Garment Workers. N.d. Photograph. Carrie. University of Michigan. Web. 7 Jan. 2014. <http://www.umich.edu/~eng217/student_projects/worstside/carrie.html>.
This radical photo shows a woman with her peers holding signs that say, “Striking Garment Workers.” Because going on strike was such a fundamental method of demanding rights during the Progressive Era, I thought this picture would give clarity as to how people went about organizing one.
Suffragists Protest Opposition to Women's Suffrage. 1916. Photograph. Library of Congress. North Arizona University. Web. 17 Dec. 2013. <http://nau.edu/cal/history/>.
This is an emphatic photograph of a line of suffragists holding signs directed towards President Wilson. They are asking why he was willing to fight a war for democracy overseas, but didn’t want to offer democracy to half of the population of America.
Tenements in NYC circa 1900. N.d. Photograph. Modern American History Spring 2011. CUNY, 23 Feb. 2011. Web. 2 Jan. 2014. <http://blsciblogs.baruch.cuny.edu/his1005spring2011/author/nt100277/>.
This photo is a view of a series of tenements in NYC. It demonstrates the quality of life many were living in.
"The Only Way." Cartoon. The Rise of Political Woman in the Election of 1912. University of Illionois at Chicago, 2003. Web. 17 Dec. 2013. <http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/jofreeman/polhistory/1912.htm>.
This political cartoon from the early 20th century portrays a woman demanding suffrage while holding a sign that includes all of female’s contributions in the Progressive Era. This source is valuable in portraying the connection between the Progressive Era and the right to vote.
United States Department of Labor. Minimum Standards for Employment of Women in Industry. 1940. UNT World War Poster Collection. University of North Texas Digital Library, 2003. Web. 1 Nov. 2013. <http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc475/>.
This colorful poster depicts the goals and working standards set by the Women’s Bureau. It includes objectives such as, a living wage, 8-hour workday, and proper lighting and seating. This primary image made me wonder exactly what conditions women had to work in, and how the message created by the Bureau were acknowledged by the public.
United States Employment Service of the War Manpower Commission. Women in War Work. N.p.: United States Employment Service of the War Manpower Commission, n.d. World War II. Northern Ilinois University. Web. 27 Mar. 2014. <http://libguides.niu.edu/content.php?pid=149150&sid=1278271>.
This image is the cover of a pamphlet designed during WWII to answer women's questions regarding war work. I used the background as the button on the Legacy page to link the "Workforce" webpage.
U.S. Is Voted Dry. 1919. Photograph. The 18th Amendment. University at Albany. Web. 13 Jan. 2014. <http://www.albany.edu/~wm731882/18th_amendment_final.html>.
This photo of the front page of an newspaper expresses the shock the shock the general public felt after the 18th Amendment was ratified. I put this picture in my Progressive Era timeline as an anchor date.
"Votes for Women." Cartoon. Digital History Progressive Era. University of Houston, n.d. Web. 2 Jan. 2014. <http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=8&psid=4529&filepath=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/primarysources_upload/images/votes>.
This cartoon has a poem at the bottom which asks for woman suffrage on the basis that women also paid taxes, followed the laws, and held jobs. I applied this picture to my website because it summarizes a main reason for why women thought they deserved the right to vote.
Votes for Women. N.d. Photograph. Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. Yale University. Web. 1 Dec. 2013. <http://www.yale.edu/glc/aces2/events.htm>.
I used this vivid photograph of two women holding up a sign that says, “Votes for Women” on my website’s banner. I thought it would effectively draw people’s attention and give them an idea of what my project is about.
What Every Mother Should Know, Or How Six Little Children Were Taught the Truth. 1916. Photograph. Health and Recreation. University of Deleware. Web. 3 Jan. 2014. <http://www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec/exhibits/women/health.htm>.
This is a photo of the cover of the book What Every Mother Should Know, written by Margaret Sanger in the early 1900s. I used it to represent the advances in birth control that were made during the Progressive Era.
Wilson Supports Suffrage. N.d. Photograph. Forcing Women's Rights. James Madison University. Web. 13 Jan. 2014. <http://www.jmu.edu/evision/Volume10/Henchen.html>.
This photo of women holding a sign that thanks President Wilson for backing up women’s suffrage stresses the transformation the NAWSA displayed after Wilson publicly supported them.
Women Railroad Workers WWI. N.d. Photograph. World War I (1914-1918): An Industrial War. University of Maine. Web. 5 Jan. 2014. <http://faculty.umf.maine.edu/walter.sargent/public.www/web%20104/ww1%20women%20RR%20mechanics.jpg>.
This photo is of women railroad workers standing in front of a train. I applied it to my “Home” webpage because working on a railroad is a job females had never ventured towards until WWI.
Women's Rights. N.d. Photograph. Equality Day: 5 Major Advancements in Women's Rights. Simmons College, 2011. Web. 14 Jan. 2014. <http://www.simmons.edu/blogs/300thefenway/2011/08/womens-equality-day.php>.
This photo, a constituent of the homepage banner, expresses many concepts of women’s equality at once. There is a woman standing next to a street car with the words “9,000,000 women working; women need the vote for equal work and all-labor legislations.”
Women Working in an Ordnance Plant in Cambridge, Massachusetts. N.d. Photograph. Library of Congress. Women Workers During World War I. National Women's History Museum. Web. 30 Nov. 2013. <http://www.nwhm.org/online-exhibits/progressiveera/womenworkingworldwarI.html>.
Browsing through the online exhibits on the National Women’s History Museum website, I found a collection of pictures of women working in factories and shops during WWI. I chose to add this picture to a slideshow in the section “In the Factory Shop.”
Working for a Compulsory Education Law. 1904. Photograph. Library of Congress, Sumter, South Carolina. South Carolina Digital Newspaper Program, 14 Mar. 2012. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. <http://library.sc.edu/blogs/newspaper/2012/03/14/exploring-the-progressive-era-in-historical-sc-newspapers-1900-1920s/>.
This is a photograph of the headline of a newspaper printed a century ago. It exhibits the fruition of the Progressive Era women.
Women Come and Help! N.d. Women in the Workforce. Baylor University, 6 Dec. 2012. Web. 17 Oct. 2013. <http://blogs.baylor.edu/womenacrosstime/discussion-board/>.
This colorful wartime poster depicts a woman encouraging females to join the war effort by building airplanes. I used it in a slideshow to help the audience feel more involved in the time era and to have an example of the circumstances in which people were living .
Woman Is True to Her Task. Circa 1918. The Society Pages, 2 May 2012. Web. 2 Jan. 2014. <http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2012/05/02/world-war-i-poster-woman-is-true-to-her-task/>.
This handout includes reasons arguing why women were indispensable during the Great War both in the home and in the factory. Additionally, it urges women to save money, donate food, etc.
Women Support Strike. 1909. Photograph. Kheel Center. The 1911 Triangle Factory Fire. Cornell University. Web. 23 Jan. 2014. <http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/primary/photosIllustrations/slideshow.html?image_id=863&sec_id=12#screen>.
This photograph is of women voting to initiate the 1909 Triangle Shirtwaist Strike I used it, along with an explanatory caption from the original website, to explain the consequences women had to face after deciding to go on strike.
You Buy A Liberty Bond. 1917. Richard F. Brush Art Gallery and Permanent Collection. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. From Litho Stone to Pentium Chip: Interpreting Gender in U.S. World War I Posters. Web. 9 Dec. 2013. <http://stlawu.edu/gallery/education/f/gs103-3-7-1.php>.
This is another emphatic poster I applied to my section on women’s contributions in WWI. There is an illustration of the Statue of Liberty pointing and telling the audience to take responsibility during the war.
This political cartoon offers insight on one perspective of the progressive reforms of President Theodore Roosevelt. It was published as he was running for office again, this time with the “Bull Moose” Party platform.
1915. Prominent Women Political Leaders Gather to Commemorate 175 Years of Women In Politics. Web. 28 Mar. 2014. <https://www.simmons.edu/overview/about/news/press/1189.php>.
This photograph of women in the 1915 NYC Suffrage Parade was utilized as the background for a button leading to the “Politics” page. It helps signify the transformation of politics from the Progressive Era to the 21st century.
Alice Paul. N.d. Photograph. Alice Paul. Messiah College. Web. 8 Dec. 2013. <http://home.messiah.edu/~cd1209/alicep.html>.
This is a photo of Alice Paul, one of the founders of the revolutionary National Women’s Party. I put this picture in the timeline I created to make it more evident who I was referring to.
Are You 100% American? Prove It! Buy U.S. Government Bonds. 1918. Robert D. Farber University Archives & Special Collections. WORLD WAR I & WORLD WAR II PROPAGANDA POSTERS. Brandeis University. Web. 7 Jan. 2014. <http://lts.brandeis.edu/research/archives-speccoll/exhibits/wwi-wwiiposters/WWI_1918-1.html>.
This war poster boisterously manifests the mindset of Americans in WWI. There was a general fear of whom to trust, and people tried to prove their loyalty in a multitude of ways.
As a War Measure. 1918. Photograph. Women's Suffrage Ephemera Collection, Bryn Mawr College Library. "A Voice in Their Own Government" - Suffrage and WWI. Bryn Mawr College. Web. 10 Nov. 2013. <http://www.brynmawr.edu/library/exhibits/suffrage/broadside.html>.
This poster, published during WWI, was directed towards Congress in an attempt to gain women’s suffrage. It includes all of the ways women have contributed to the war, and uses that as a reason for why women should be granted voting rights. I applied this photo on the banner of my website.
"A Woman's Mind Magnified." Art Responds to Women's Suffrage: Pro and Con. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Apr. 2014. <http://www.radford.edu/rbarris/Women%20and%20art/amerwom05/suffrageart.html>.
This cartoon shows a deep-seated stereotype of what the average woman’s interests leaned towards. I put it alongside an anti suffrage quote on the “Protest” side of the “Vote at Last” page to give a more thorough examination of why many men were so adamant about denying women the vote.
Be Patriotic. circa 1917-20. Richard F. Brush Art Gallery and Permanent Collection. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. From Litho Stone to Pentium Chip: Interpreting Gender in U.S. World War I Posters. Web. 9 Dec. 2013. <http://stlawu.edu/gallery/education/f/gs103-3-7-2.php>.
This striking poster, showing a woman dressed in red, white, and blue outstretching her arms towards the audience, requests them to “Be Patriotic” and save food for soldiers fighting in Europe. I think this source further stresses the fact that the early 1900s was a time when it was more acceptable for women to go out in public and follow the doctrines of citizenship.
Bien and Co., Julius. Have so Many Little Things to Attend to. 1907. Palczewski, Catherine H. Postcard Archive. University of Northern Iowa., Cedar Falls, Iowa. Feminization of Men. Web. 2 Apr. 2014. <http://www.uni.edu/palczews/NEW%20postcard%20webpage/Feminine%20Men.html>.
This intricate postcard depicts a man taking care of all his children. I think the illustrator was aiming to express how he thought voting would affect family life, and in this case he believed gender roles would switch. I added this picture to the Protest side of the “Vote at Last” page.
Carrie Chapman Catt. An Address to the Congress of the United States. Circa 1918. Bryn Maw College Library, Bryn Mawr, PA. Bryn Mawr College. Web. 3 Jan. 2014. <http://www.brynmawr.edu/library/exhibits/suffrage/congress.html>.
This is an advertisement for one of suffragist Carrie Chapman Catt’s speeches. It shows a man telling Uncle Sam, “She has given me democracy; give democracy to her.”
Child Working. N.d. Photograph. Child Labor During the Gilded Age. The Maxwell School. Web. 12 Jan. 2014. <http://www2.maxwell.syr.edu/plegal/save2/amadorwq1.html>.
This photo of a girl toiling with a loom symbolizes the long story of child labor. Thus, I used it in the Progressive Era timeline along with the section about the Keating-Owen Act, which temporarily abolished abolished much child labor.
Equal Rights Amendment. N.d. Photograph. Wayne State University. Equal Rights Amendment. University of Michigan, 2003. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. <http://www.autolife.umd.umich.edu/Gender/Walsh/EqualRights_amendment.htm>.
This expressive photograph of women holding signs that advocate for the Equal Rights Amendment implies that numerous females did not believe suffrage was enough. I added this to the “Conclusion” page to signify the changes and revisions that have been suggested and implemented over the years.
"Excelsior! Suffragist: "It's No Good Talking to Me about Sisyphus; He Was Only a Man!"" Cartoon. Module 02: Should Women Vote? The Politics of Suffrage. Virginia Tech, n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2014. <http://www.dhr.history.vt.edu/modules/eu/mod02_vote/evidence_detail_09.html>.
This political cartoon establishes the viewpoint of one artist on the consequences of women gaining the right to vote. It exhibits a woman pushing a boulder labeled “women’s suffrage.” I applied this drawing to a slide about other countries granting suffrage because it was made in England.
“Female Garment Workers Labor in a New York City Tenement,” HERB: Resources for Teachers. Web. 14 Jan. 2014. <http://herb.ashp.cuny.edu/items/show/1060.>
This photo is of women sewing clothing in a confined, dark room with few resources, which was very common during the turn of the 20th century.
Flagg, James Montgomery. I Want You for U.S. Army : Nearest Recruiting Station. 1917. Library of Congress. Web. 13 Jan. 2014. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/96507165/resource/cph.3g03859/?sid=469638cc023e69f1e2441cb6db0abebc>.
This photograph is of Uncle Sam mobilizing soldiers to join WWI. I used it to symbolize America’s entry in my timeline.
Grey Nuns of the Cross. 1903. Photograph. Harvard Art Museum, Ogdensburg, New York. Harvard University. Web. 26 Dec. 2013. <http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/ww/vcsearch.php?any=charitable+organizations>.
This is a photo of a volunteer nurse tending to a patient. It represents one of the plethora of ways females became more involved in public work. I incorporated into my website so that if someone clicks on the picture, they are taken to the “Municipal Housekeeping” webpage.
I May Be Your Leader Someday. 1913. Private Collection of Jill Norgren and Wendy Chmielewski. Her Hat Was in the Ring! Swarthmore College. Web. 29 Dec. 2013. <http://www.swarthmore.edu/library/peace/wchmiel1/women%20in%20politics/cartoon%20page.htm#asterick>.
This postcard exhibits some of the opinions during the Progressive Era regarding the effects of women’s suffrage. It includes a drawing of a girl telling a boy “I may be your leader someday.” I applied this image to my website’s banner as to inform my audience of what my topic is.
Israel, Leon. "Strike vs. Lockout." Cartoon. The 1911 Triangle Factory Fire. Cornell University, 2011. Web. 23 Jan. 2014. <http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/primary/photosIllustrations/slideshow.html?image_id=863&sec_id=12#screen>.
This editorial cartoon shows a woman worker challenging her manager about going on strike. It was beneficial because it gives a perspective of what some people thought were truly the issues at hand that the strikers were trying to ameliorate.
Jeanette Rankin. N.d. Photograph. Eliminating Masculine Pronouns, Congressional Old Boys Network Goes Gender-neutral. University of Illinois, 9 Jan. 2009. Web. 13 Jan. 2014. <http://illinois.edu/blog/view/25/5741?display&displayMonth=200901>.
This picture of Jeanette Rankin, the first female Congresswoman, gives a face to the words describing her in my Suffrage timeline.
Kirkland, Wallace W. Charles Hull Homestead. N.d. Jane Addams Collection. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Triptych. Web. 7 Jan. 2014. <http://triptych.brynmawr.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/SC_photo/id/412/rec/4>.
This is a painting of the Hull House, a settlement house founded by Jane Addams in the late 1800s. I used this picture to show viewers how much different the reforms of the Progressive Era were compared to the conditions of life people endured beforehand.
M.B. Remember the Girl Behind the Man Behind the Gun Y. W. C. A. Circa 1920. McFarlin Library, Tulsa, Oklahoma. ENGL 3733: World War I. University of Tulsa, 5 Feb. 2013. Web. 3 Jan. 2014. <http://courses.utulsa.edu/wwi/exhibit/items/show/7>.
This WWI poster was created by the YWCA in an effort to gain support from everyday women. It tells the audience to acknowledge all of the contributions of females.
Nineteenth Amendment: Women Casting Their Votes in New York City. circa 1920s. Photograph. Library of Congress. Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 13 Jan. 2014. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/122459/Women-casting-their-votes-in-New-York-City-1920s>.
This photograph of women voting emphasizes the result of the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment. It allows the audience to experience the time period more clearly. Thus, I added it to the last slide of my Suffrage timeline.
Nurses of America: Humanity Calls You. Ca. 1917-20. From Litho Stone to Pentium Chip: Interpreting Gender in U.S. World War I Posters. St. Lawrence University. Web. 22 Dec. 2013. <http://stlawu.edu/gallery/education/f/gs103-3-4-3.php>.
This is one of an abundance of WWI posters I looked at. This one addresses nurses to “do their part” in the war and to assume their responsibilities, because there are many who rely on their work.
Official Program of the Women's Suffrage Procession, Washington D.C., March 3, 1913. 1913. Bryn Mawr College Library. Bryn Mawr College. Web. 11 Dec. 2013. <http://www.brynmawr.edu/library/exhibits/suffrage/program.html>.
This is a colorful pamphlet representing one of the first and most sensational suffrage parades. The 1913 Parade was considered by many to be a turning point in the Women’s Suffrage Movement.
Panorama Picture Illustrating the Beef Industry. 1906. Photograph. Foodborne Illness: Food Safety - A Historical Look. The Schuster Institute for Investigative Journalism, 2011. Web. 15 Jan. 2014. <http://www.brandeis.edu/investigate/foodborne-illness/history-of-food-safety.html>.
This expository photograph of the inside of a meatpacking plant clarifies the reason the Meat Inspection Act and Food and Drug Act of 1906 were passed.
Progressive Children's Orchestra. N.d. Photograph. Tenement Houses and Progressive Solutions. Fordham University. Web. 5 Jan. 2014. <http://www.fordham.edu/academics/colleges__graduate_s/undergraduate_colleg/fordham_college_at_l/special_programs/honors_program/hudsonfulton_celebra/homepage/progressive_movement/tenements_32232.asp>.
This is a photograph of a woman conducting a children’s orchestra in one of the new schools built during the Progressive Era. I thought it illustrates the multifarious contributions of women well.
Progressive Era Schools. N.d. Photograph. Progressive Education in New York City. Fordham University. Web. 3 Jan. 2014. <http://www.fordham.edu/academics/colleges__graduate_s/undergraduate_colleg/fordham_college_at_l/special_programs/honors_program/hudsonfulton_celebra/homepage/progressive_movement/education_32231.asp#_edn3>.
This glimpse into a school in NYC in the early 1900s proves that women’s service in the Progressive Era was experienced by many. In this photo, a woman is teaching a class full of first generation students, who otherwise would have had meager education.
Protest Against Child Labor in a Labor Parade. 1909. Photograph. Library of Congress, Washington D.C. Digital History Progressive Era. University of Houston. Web. 2 Jan. 2014. <http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=8&psid=2806&filepath=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/primarysources_upload/images/child_labour_l.jpg>.
This photograph is focused on two girls holding signs that declare, “Abolish Child Slavery.” I included this in my Progressive Era web page because it emphasizes child labor, which was one of the issues covered by women during the early 1900s.
Riis, Jacob. Lodgers in a Crowded Bayard Street Tenement--5 Cents a Spot. N.d. Photograph. How the Other Half Lives. Assumption College. Web. 2 Jan. 2014. <http://www1.assumption.edu/ahc/scopes/Declension.html>.
Jacob Riis, a “muckraker” photographer, took this picture of a family living in cramped slums. I used this photo to stress the fact of the terrible conditions countless people lived in during the second industrial revolution.
Sloan, John. Rent, Profit, Interest. 1911. Central Piedmont Community College. Web. 12 Jan. 2014. <http://mark.levengood.people.cpcc.edu/HIS132/LessonDocs/TriangleFirePics/triangle-shirtwaist-factory-fire.jpg>.
This political cartoon is of a triangle, with the words “Rent, Profit, and Interest” written on each side. There is a skeleton and a businessman standing next to it. I thought this drawing represented the cause of the disaster known as the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, and therefore put it in the Progressive Era timeline as an anchor date.
Strikes on the Picket Line, The Uprising of the 20,000, New York, New York. N.d. Photograph. Library of Congress. Modern American History Spring 2011. CUNY, 22 Feb. 2011. Web. 8 Jan. 2014. <http://blsciblogs.baruch.cuny.edu/his1005spring2011/tag/immigrants/>.
This is a photo of two women participating in the Uprising of the 20,000, a massive strike in NYC. I used it to exemplify how prominent strikes were in the Progressive Era, as well as the extent of who participated in them.
Striking Garment Workers. N.d. Photograph. Carrie. University of Michigan. Web. 7 Jan. 2014. <http://www.umich.edu/~eng217/student_projects/worstside/carrie.html>.
This radical photo shows a woman with her peers holding signs that say, “Striking Garment Workers.” Because going on strike was such a fundamental method of demanding rights during the Progressive Era, I thought this picture would give clarity as to how people went about organizing one.
Suffragists Protest Opposition to Women's Suffrage. 1916. Photograph. Library of Congress. North Arizona University. Web. 17 Dec. 2013. <http://nau.edu/cal/history/>.
This is an emphatic photograph of a line of suffragists holding signs directed towards President Wilson. They are asking why he was willing to fight a war for democracy overseas, but didn’t want to offer democracy to half of the population of America.
Tenements in NYC circa 1900. N.d. Photograph. Modern American History Spring 2011. CUNY, 23 Feb. 2011. Web. 2 Jan. 2014. <http://blsciblogs.baruch.cuny.edu/his1005spring2011/author/nt100277/>.
This photo is a view of a series of tenements in NYC. It demonstrates the quality of life many were living in.
"The Only Way." Cartoon. The Rise of Political Woman in the Election of 1912. University of Illionois at Chicago, 2003. Web. 17 Dec. 2013. <http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/jofreeman/polhistory/1912.htm>.
This political cartoon from the early 20th century portrays a woman demanding suffrage while holding a sign that includes all of female’s contributions in the Progressive Era. This source is valuable in portraying the connection between the Progressive Era and the right to vote.
United States Department of Labor. Minimum Standards for Employment of Women in Industry. 1940. UNT World War Poster Collection. University of North Texas Digital Library, 2003. Web. 1 Nov. 2013. <http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc475/>.
This colorful poster depicts the goals and working standards set by the Women’s Bureau. It includes objectives such as, a living wage, 8-hour workday, and proper lighting and seating. This primary image made me wonder exactly what conditions women had to work in, and how the message created by the Bureau were acknowledged by the public.
United States Employment Service of the War Manpower Commission. Women in War Work. N.p.: United States Employment Service of the War Manpower Commission, n.d. World War II. Northern Ilinois University. Web. 27 Mar. 2014. <http://libguides.niu.edu/content.php?pid=149150&sid=1278271>.
This image is the cover of a pamphlet designed during WWII to answer women's questions regarding war work. I used the background as the button on the Legacy page to link the "Workforce" webpage.
U.S. Is Voted Dry. 1919. Photograph. The 18th Amendment. University at Albany. Web. 13 Jan. 2014. <http://www.albany.edu/~wm731882/18th_amendment_final.html>.
This photo of the front page of an newspaper expresses the shock the shock the general public felt after the 18th Amendment was ratified. I put this picture in my Progressive Era timeline as an anchor date.
"Votes for Women." Cartoon. Digital History Progressive Era. University of Houston, n.d. Web. 2 Jan. 2014. <http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=8&psid=4529&filepath=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/primarysources_upload/images/votes>.
This cartoon has a poem at the bottom which asks for woman suffrage on the basis that women also paid taxes, followed the laws, and held jobs. I applied this picture to my website because it summarizes a main reason for why women thought they deserved the right to vote.
Votes for Women. N.d. Photograph. Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. Yale University. Web. 1 Dec. 2013. <http://www.yale.edu/glc/aces2/events.htm>.
I used this vivid photograph of two women holding up a sign that says, “Votes for Women” on my website’s banner. I thought it would effectively draw people’s attention and give them an idea of what my project is about.
What Every Mother Should Know, Or How Six Little Children Were Taught the Truth. 1916. Photograph. Health and Recreation. University of Deleware. Web. 3 Jan. 2014. <http://www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec/exhibits/women/health.htm>.
This is a photo of the cover of the book What Every Mother Should Know, written by Margaret Sanger in the early 1900s. I used it to represent the advances in birth control that were made during the Progressive Era.
Wilson Supports Suffrage. N.d. Photograph. Forcing Women's Rights. James Madison University. Web. 13 Jan. 2014. <http://www.jmu.edu/evision/Volume10/Henchen.html>.
This photo of women holding a sign that thanks President Wilson for backing up women’s suffrage stresses the transformation the NAWSA displayed after Wilson publicly supported them.
Women Railroad Workers WWI. N.d. Photograph. World War I (1914-1918): An Industrial War. University of Maine. Web. 5 Jan. 2014. <http://faculty.umf.maine.edu/walter.sargent/public.www/web%20104/ww1%20women%20RR%20mechanics.jpg>.
This photo is of women railroad workers standing in front of a train. I applied it to my “Home” webpage because working on a railroad is a job females had never ventured towards until WWI.
Women's Rights. N.d. Photograph. Equality Day: 5 Major Advancements in Women's Rights. Simmons College, 2011. Web. 14 Jan. 2014. <http://www.simmons.edu/blogs/300thefenway/2011/08/womens-equality-day.php>.
This photo, a constituent of the homepage banner, expresses many concepts of women’s equality at once. There is a woman standing next to a street car with the words “9,000,000 women working; women need the vote for equal work and all-labor legislations.”
Women Working in an Ordnance Plant in Cambridge, Massachusetts. N.d. Photograph. Library of Congress. Women Workers During World War I. National Women's History Museum. Web. 30 Nov. 2013. <http://www.nwhm.org/online-exhibits/progressiveera/womenworkingworldwarI.html>.
Browsing through the online exhibits on the National Women’s History Museum website, I found a collection of pictures of women working in factories and shops during WWI. I chose to add this picture to a slideshow in the section “In the Factory Shop.”
Working for a Compulsory Education Law. 1904. Photograph. Library of Congress, Sumter, South Carolina. South Carolina Digital Newspaper Program, 14 Mar. 2012. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. <http://library.sc.edu/blogs/newspaper/2012/03/14/exploring-the-progressive-era-in-historical-sc-newspapers-1900-1920s/>.
This is a photograph of the headline of a newspaper printed a century ago. It exhibits the fruition of the Progressive Era women.
Women Come and Help! N.d. Women in the Workforce. Baylor University, 6 Dec. 2012. Web. 17 Oct. 2013. <http://blogs.baylor.edu/womenacrosstime/discussion-board/>.
This colorful wartime poster depicts a woman encouraging females to join the war effort by building airplanes. I used it in a slideshow to help the audience feel more involved in the time era and to have an example of the circumstances in which people were living .
Woman Is True to Her Task. Circa 1918. The Society Pages, 2 May 2012. Web. 2 Jan. 2014. <http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2012/05/02/world-war-i-poster-woman-is-true-to-her-task/>.
This handout includes reasons arguing why women were indispensable during the Great War both in the home and in the factory. Additionally, it urges women to save money, donate food, etc.
Women Support Strike. 1909. Photograph. Kheel Center. The 1911 Triangle Factory Fire. Cornell University. Web. 23 Jan. 2014. <http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/primary/photosIllustrations/slideshow.html?image_id=863&sec_id=12#screen>.
This photograph is of women voting to initiate the 1909 Triangle Shirtwaist Strike I used it, along with an explanatory caption from the original website, to explain the consequences women had to face after deciding to go on strike.
You Buy A Liberty Bond. 1917. Richard F. Brush Art Gallery and Permanent Collection. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. From Litho Stone to Pentium Chip: Interpreting Gender in U.S. World War I Posters. Web. 9 Dec. 2013. <http://stlawu.edu/gallery/education/f/gs103-3-7-1.php>.
This is another emphatic poster I applied to my section on women’s contributions in WWI. There is an illustration of the Statue of Liberty pointing and telling the audience to take responsibility during the war.
Secondary Sources
Addis, Cameron. Rise of the Nanny State. Austin Community College, n.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2014. <http://www.austincc.edu/caddis/progressive1>.
This website article offered a comprehensive overview of the reforms of the Progressive Era, including the Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act, suffrage, government, and prohibition. I found a variety of other resources after looking at this one.
Balancing Work and Home. Digital image. CNN Money, 16 Aug. 2013. Web. 2 Apr. 2014. <http://management.fortune.cnn.com/2013/08/16/motherhood-work-life-balance/>.
This is a drawing of a woman holding an office in one hand and a child in another. It represents the struggle many 21st century women face.
Banner, Lois W. Women in Modern America: A Brief History. Southbank, Victoria [u.a.: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2005. Print.
After reading this recollection of the major events in women’s history, I gained detailed information on the unions, strikes, and activities of the Progressive Era. Women in Modern America encouraged me to broaden my research more to the variety of groups my topic affected.
Bausum, Ann. Phone interview. 12 Jan. 2014.
Talking to Ms. Bausum, the author of With Courage and Cloth, proved to be a gratifying experience. She clarified my questions on the separate yet still coinciding efforts of the NAWSA and NWP and how they eventually “complemented” each other. Ms. Bausum sparked me to think deeper about the effects of women’s suffrage, as well as how the war deeply impacted suffragists.
Bausum, Ann. With Courage and Cloth: Winning the Fight for a Woman's Right to Vote. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 2004. Print.
This book went over all the details of the suffrage movement in a very easy to understand way. I learned more about the treatment women received after being arrested for picketing at the White House and found several vibrant quotes. Furthermore, this book is what spurred me to include a section on the 1913 Suffrage Parade.
Bingham, Jane. Women at War: The Progressive Era, WWI and Women's Suffrage. N.p.: Bailey, 2011. Print.
This book gave much insight as to what movements besides the labor one occurred in the Progressive Era, like birth control and Women’s Suffrage. With the help of this source, I made the connection between the 19th Amendment and women’s participation in factories.
Bread and Roses Centennial Exhibit. Lawrence History Center, n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2014. <http://exhibit.breadandrosescentennial.org/node/48>.
This website, dedicated to the Bread and Roses strike of 1912, is suffused with photographs, maps, and first-hand narratives of the occasion.
Brown, Carrie, Ph.D. Telephone interview. 13 Oct. 2013.
After interviewing Dr. Carrie Brown, the author of one of the books I read, I realized a crucial effect of women working in factories during WWI. Brown and I discussed how labor rights are still a problem in the modern world, how immigration influenced the story, as well as how the 19th Amendment was finally ratified after President Wilson acknowledged females’ efforts in the war. She also reminded me to find each perspective and side of the story so my project touches all parts of what really happened.
Brown, Carrie. Rosie's Mom: Forgotten Women Workers of the First World War. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press, 2002. Print.
This book became an indispensable source. It includes anecdotes of people who really worked in munitions factories and informed me of certain historical figures who made increased rights for women possible. I found many descriptive quotes and will further utilize this source to create my thesis and organize the formatting of my website.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Women as a Percentage of Total Employed in Selected Occupations, 1985-2012 Annual Averages. Digital image. Facts Over Time: Women in the Labor Force. Women's Bureau, n.d. Web. 1 Apr. 2014. <http://www.dol.gov/wb/stats/facts_over_time.htm#wilf>.
This graph exhibits how women have slowly transitioned into higher paying, out-of-the-cubicle jobs. I thought it was beneficial to add to my website because it shows the effects of decades of hard efforts.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Women's Earnings as a Percent of Men's, by Race, Full-time Wage and Salary Workers, 1980-2012 Annual Averages. Digital image. Facts Over Time: Women in the Labor Force. Women's Bureau, n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014. <http://www.dol.gov/wb/stats/facts_over_time.htm#earnings>.
This graph signifies what percent of earnings women made as compared to men’s. The data proves that as a whole, women have never been equally paid across the entire nation. I added this to the “Equal Pay” page because I thought it would offer a more interactive way to understand the facts.
Cocks, Catherine, Peter C. Holloran, and Alan Lessoff. Historical Dictionary of the Progressive Era. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2009. Print.
This concise compilation of the events of the Progressive Era proved to be a go-to resource when it came to exploring the historical context of the time. I found definitions, relationships, and timelines that I previously had not known.
DuBois, Ellen Carol, and Lynn Dumenil. Through Women's Eyes: An American History with Documents. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2005. Print.
This book reviews women's history and was pivotal in my research and overall project design process. Before reading this selection, I hadn't focused nearly as much on the intricate yet impenetrable relationship between women's suffrage and women in the workplace.
Hewitt, Nancy. "Many Paths to Progressive Reform." Lecture. The Graduation Center, CUNY, New York City. 27 Mar. 2007. American Social History Project. Web. 28 Dec. 2013. <http://ashp.cuny.edu/?podcast=many-paths-to-progressive-reform>.
I listened to this poignant podcast, presented by the City University of New York. Professor Nancy Hewitt emphasizes the main points of the Progressive Era, specifically the unique entrance and reasons for women to join the movement.
Johnston, Elizabeth. Telephone interview. 25 Mar. 2014.
I talked to Elizabeth Johnston, a Skadden Fellow and attorney at the National Women’s Law Center. She opened my eyes to another section of history: the modern world. After our discussion about minimum wage and other laws, I realized that many parallels can be drawn from the women workers of yesteryear and those of today. Ms Johnston inspired me to create a new webpage on my website titled “Equal Pay.”
Justice, Lisa. "Women, Wilson, and Emergency War Measure." Ex Post Facto 10 (2001): n. pag. San Francisco State University. Web. 23 Oct. 2013.
After reading this journal publication, I had a much deeper understanding of how the 19th Amendment and World War One were related. This article explains how the National American Women’s Suffrage Association corresponded with President Wilson, and their reasons for why suffrage would benefit everyone.
Just the Facts: The Emergence of Modern America, The Progressive Era. Dir. Cerebellum Corporation. N.p., 25 Apr. 2013. Web. 19 Jan. 2014.
I applied a clip of this video on my “Strikes” page to further accentuate the fact of how terrible the working life was for immigrants and people in the early 1900s.
Kim, Tae H. "Where Women Worked During World War I." Seattle General Strike Project. University of Washington, 2003. Web. 18 Sept. 2013. <http://depts.washington.edu/labhist/strike/kim.shtml>.
This source was an introduction to the idea of women workers. I learned the names of numerous unions and organizations, like the YWCA and Patriotic League, and the different jobs females were introduced to during WWI.
Michels, Tony. "Uprising of 20,000 (1909)." Jewish Women's Archive, n.d. Web. 31 Mar. 2014. <http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/uprising-of-20000-1909>.
This article gives an in depth and extensive description of the Uprising of 20,000. At first, I didn’t know how truly influential it was. After reading this, I realized the Uprising was the largest strike and had a profound effect on working women.
Mowhawk, Essra. Sufferin' Till Suffrage. School House Rock. 1976. School Tube. Web. 31 Mar. 2014. <http://www.schooltube.com/video/547d1ffda7c6829c4545/School-House-Rock-Sufferin-Till-Suffrage>.
This song was written to explain women’s condition before and after the 19th Amendment in the U.S. I added a clip to my website to make it more interactive as well as to offer how even people almost 40 years ago still thought the amendment had an impact.
Murray, Billy. "Sister Susie's Sewing Shirts for Soldiers." Rec. 31 Jan. 1915. N.d. Free Music Archive. Web. 8 Apr. 2009. <http://freemusicarchive.org/music/Billy_Murray/Edison_Blue_Amberol_2530/Sister_Susies_sewing_shirts_for_soldiers>.
This song, recorded during WWI, tells the story of a woman who is sewing shirts for soldiers overseas. It exhibits the feelings of the time as well as how crucial society thought these ladies’ contributions were. I included a clip on my “Lending a Hand” webpage so the audience could have audio to listen to while looking a the war posters.
Noble, Sarah. "U.S. National Woman's Party Campaigns for Right to Vote, 1914-1920." Global Nonviolent Action Database, 18 Aug. 2008. Web. 22 Nov. 2013. <http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/us-national-womans-party-campaigns-right-vote-1914-1920>.
I learned more about the different groups vouching for women’s suffrage from this article. It explains how each of them went about in earning it, as well as the endless challenges and opposing forces they faced.
Paradise, Lee Ann. "Women in Industry Service." St. James Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide. Ed. Neil Schlager. Vol. 2. Detroit: St. James Press, 2004. 426-430. U.S. History in Context. Web. 6 Nov. 2013.
I found this source to be beneficial in explaining the formation of the Women’s Bureau in the early 1900s. The author described the conditions of females at the time and how WWI was the perfect atmosphere for an organization like the Bureau to establish itself.
"Our History: An Overview (1920-2012)." Women's Bureau of the Department of Labor, n.d. Web. 1 Nov. 2013. <http://www.dol.gov/wb/info_about_wb/interwb.htm>.
This is a summary of the contributions of the Women’s Bureau, which was an effect of females’ contributions during World War One. It gave insight on how the Bureau has changed women’s lives on the workplace over the decades.
"Patriotism or Equal Rights: The Suffragist’s Dichotomy during World War I." History Engine: Tools for Collaborative Education and Research | Episodes. University of Richmond, n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2014. <http://historyengine.richmond.edu/episodes/view/5322>.
This informative article assessed one of my primary sources, “Suffragists Pledge Aid to the Nation.” It goes over the different viewpoints and conclusions one could formulate after reading the original text, and explains the impact of women in WWI.
"Progressive Era (1880-1930)." NWHM Exhibit: A History of Women in Industry. National Women's History Museum, 2007. Web. 18 Oct. 2013. <http://www.nwhm.org/online-exhibits/industry/6.htm>.
This online review assembled by the NWHM goes over what major milestones and achievements there were regarding women in the Progressive Era. It provided a great glimpse of how the urbanization of America influenced working conditions, as well as encouraging me to research the Women’s Bureau.
Stone, Tanya Lee. The Progressive Era and World War I. N.p.: Steck-Vaughn, 2001. Print.
This book explains more about the Progressive Era and background events leading up to the labor movement in WWI. At the same time, I learned why the war actually happened and about the relations between countries. Also, I learned about the efforts people on the home front were taking to help people overseas. I used this source to ponder deeper about the causes and effects of the First World War.
The National Women's Party. Perf. Lisa Kathleen Graddy, Kyle Ciani. 2011. C-SPAN. Web. 15 Dec. 2013. <http://www.c-span.org/Events/The-National-Womans-Party/10737425037/>.
This talk given in Washington D.C. on the NWP’s militant efforts to gain suffrage further opened my eyes to the strife many women faced. I learned much about the tactics they used, and how the women directly addressed President Wilson without abusing their rights. A clip from this video is included on one of the pages of my website.
The Progressive Era. Hank Green. CrashCourse, 29 Aug. 2013. Web. 28 Jan. 2014. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i0Q4zPR4G7M>.
I discovered this series, Crash Course, at school when we would watch videos in social studies from it. Crash Course also created video on the Progressive Era; I was introduced with a whole score of viewpoints on the effects of the Progressive Era involving democracy and socialism.
The Right to Equal Pay for Equal Work. White House, 10 June 2013. Web. 17 Mar. 2014.<http://www.whitehouse.gov/photos-and-video/video/2013/06/10/right-equal-pay-equal-work>.
This video, produced by the White House, explains the history of the equal pay movement as well as the current steps being taken by the Obama administration in addressing this issue. I included a clip of different officials explaining why they think wages, especially womens’ are important in America.
White House. Women Earn an Average of Just 77 Cents for Every Dollar Earned by Men. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Mar. 2014. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/equal-pay/myth#top>.
This e-card was created by the White House for people to share with others. It identities a pressing concern Congress is currently trying to ameliorate: equal pay.
Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience. New York: Knopf, 1984. Print.
This statistics-filled book contains a history of women from the 17th-19th centuries. I read much about women in the Civil War, why they were paid less than men, and how “male” and “female” jobs differentiated. I utilized this beneficial source to examine closer how WWI tied into the rest of history, as well as to think about what factors may have been at play.
“Women, Work, and the War.” American Decades. Ed. Judith S. Baughman, et al. Vol. 2: 1910-1919. Detroit: Gale, 2001. U.S. History In Context. Web. 15 Sep. 2013.
I found this review of the reactions that occurred when ladies pursued male-dominated jobs, like police officers, in WWI. It contained information on the rights females demanded, the prejudice they faced, and the impact their venture had on women’s perceived role in society, especially in future generations.
Women in the U.S. Congress 1971-2013. Digital image. Rutgers University Center for American Women and Politics, 3 May 2013. Web. 4 Feb. 2014. <http://cawp.rutgers.edu/footnotes/buffett/women-in-congress_web>.
This recently created graph, compiled by Rutgers University, displays the trend of women who have participated in Congress over a span of 43 years, which has consistently increased. I applied this image to the “Politics” page.
This website article offered a comprehensive overview of the reforms of the Progressive Era, including the Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act, suffrage, government, and prohibition. I found a variety of other resources after looking at this one.
Balancing Work and Home. Digital image. CNN Money, 16 Aug. 2013. Web. 2 Apr. 2014. <http://management.fortune.cnn.com/2013/08/16/motherhood-work-life-balance/>.
This is a drawing of a woman holding an office in one hand and a child in another. It represents the struggle many 21st century women face.
Banner, Lois W. Women in Modern America: A Brief History. Southbank, Victoria [u.a.: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2005. Print.
After reading this recollection of the major events in women’s history, I gained detailed information on the unions, strikes, and activities of the Progressive Era. Women in Modern America encouraged me to broaden my research more to the variety of groups my topic affected.
Bausum, Ann. Phone interview. 12 Jan. 2014.
Talking to Ms. Bausum, the author of With Courage and Cloth, proved to be a gratifying experience. She clarified my questions on the separate yet still coinciding efforts of the NAWSA and NWP and how they eventually “complemented” each other. Ms. Bausum sparked me to think deeper about the effects of women’s suffrage, as well as how the war deeply impacted suffragists.
Bausum, Ann. With Courage and Cloth: Winning the Fight for a Woman's Right to Vote. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 2004. Print.
This book went over all the details of the suffrage movement in a very easy to understand way. I learned more about the treatment women received after being arrested for picketing at the White House and found several vibrant quotes. Furthermore, this book is what spurred me to include a section on the 1913 Suffrage Parade.
Bingham, Jane. Women at War: The Progressive Era, WWI and Women's Suffrage. N.p.: Bailey, 2011. Print.
This book gave much insight as to what movements besides the labor one occurred in the Progressive Era, like birth control and Women’s Suffrage. With the help of this source, I made the connection between the 19th Amendment and women’s participation in factories.
Bread and Roses Centennial Exhibit. Lawrence History Center, n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2014. <http://exhibit.breadandrosescentennial.org/node/48>.
This website, dedicated to the Bread and Roses strike of 1912, is suffused with photographs, maps, and first-hand narratives of the occasion.
Brown, Carrie, Ph.D. Telephone interview. 13 Oct. 2013.
After interviewing Dr. Carrie Brown, the author of one of the books I read, I realized a crucial effect of women working in factories during WWI. Brown and I discussed how labor rights are still a problem in the modern world, how immigration influenced the story, as well as how the 19th Amendment was finally ratified after President Wilson acknowledged females’ efforts in the war. She also reminded me to find each perspective and side of the story so my project touches all parts of what really happened.
Brown, Carrie. Rosie's Mom: Forgotten Women Workers of the First World War. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press, 2002. Print.
This book became an indispensable source. It includes anecdotes of people who really worked in munitions factories and informed me of certain historical figures who made increased rights for women possible. I found many descriptive quotes and will further utilize this source to create my thesis and organize the formatting of my website.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Women as a Percentage of Total Employed in Selected Occupations, 1985-2012 Annual Averages. Digital image. Facts Over Time: Women in the Labor Force. Women's Bureau, n.d. Web. 1 Apr. 2014. <http://www.dol.gov/wb/stats/facts_over_time.htm#wilf>.
This graph exhibits how women have slowly transitioned into higher paying, out-of-the-cubicle jobs. I thought it was beneficial to add to my website because it shows the effects of decades of hard efforts.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Women's Earnings as a Percent of Men's, by Race, Full-time Wage and Salary Workers, 1980-2012 Annual Averages. Digital image. Facts Over Time: Women in the Labor Force. Women's Bureau, n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014. <http://www.dol.gov/wb/stats/facts_over_time.htm#earnings>.
This graph signifies what percent of earnings women made as compared to men’s. The data proves that as a whole, women have never been equally paid across the entire nation. I added this to the “Equal Pay” page because I thought it would offer a more interactive way to understand the facts.
Cocks, Catherine, Peter C. Holloran, and Alan Lessoff. Historical Dictionary of the Progressive Era. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2009. Print.
This concise compilation of the events of the Progressive Era proved to be a go-to resource when it came to exploring the historical context of the time. I found definitions, relationships, and timelines that I previously had not known.
DuBois, Ellen Carol, and Lynn Dumenil. Through Women's Eyes: An American History with Documents. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2005. Print.
This book reviews women's history and was pivotal in my research and overall project design process. Before reading this selection, I hadn't focused nearly as much on the intricate yet impenetrable relationship between women's suffrage and women in the workplace.
Hewitt, Nancy. "Many Paths to Progressive Reform." Lecture. The Graduation Center, CUNY, New York City. 27 Mar. 2007. American Social History Project. Web. 28 Dec. 2013. <http://ashp.cuny.edu/?podcast=many-paths-to-progressive-reform>.
I listened to this poignant podcast, presented by the City University of New York. Professor Nancy Hewitt emphasizes the main points of the Progressive Era, specifically the unique entrance and reasons for women to join the movement.
Johnston, Elizabeth. Telephone interview. 25 Mar. 2014.
I talked to Elizabeth Johnston, a Skadden Fellow and attorney at the National Women’s Law Center. She opened my eyes to another section of history: the modern world. After our discussion about minimum wage and other laws, I realized that many parallels can be drawn from the women workers of yesteryear and those of today. Ms Johnston inspired me to create a new webpage on my website titled “Equal Pay.”
Justice, Lisa. "Women, Wilson, and Emergency War Measure." Ex Post Facto 10 (2001): n. pag. San Francisco State University. Web. 23 Oct. 2013.
After reading this journal publication, I had a much deeper understanding of how the 19th Amendment and World War One were related. This article explains how the National American Women’s Suffrage Association corresponded with President Wilson, and their reasons for why suffrage would benefit everyone.
Just the Facts: The Emergence of Modern America, The Progressive Era. Dir. Cerebellum Corporation. N.p., 25 Apr. 2013. Web. 19 Jan. 2014.
I applied a clip of this video on my “Strikes” page to further accentuate the fact of how terrible the working life was for immigrants and people in the early 1900s.
Kim, Tae H. "Where Women Worked During World War I." Seattle General Strike Project. University of Washington, 2003. Web. 18 Sept. 2013. <http://depts.washington.edu/labhist/strike/kim.shtml>.
This source was an introduction to the idea of women workers. I learned the names of numerous unions and organizations, like the YWCA and Patriotic League, and the different jobs females were introduced to during WWI.
Michels, Tony. "Uprising of 20,000 (1909)." Jewish Women's Archive, n.d. Web. 31 Mar. 2014. <http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/uprising-of-20000-1909>.
This article gives an in depth and extensive description of the Uprising of 20,000. At first, I didn’t know how truly influential it was. After reading this, I realized the Uprising was the largest strike and had a profound effect on working women.
Mowhawk, Essra. Sufferin' Till Suffrage. School House Rock. 1976. School Tube. Web. 31 Mar. 2014. <http://www.schooltube.com/video/547d1ffda7c6829c4545/School-House-Rock-Sufferin-Till-Suffrage>.
This song was written to explain women’s condition before and after the 19th Amendment in the U.S. I added a clip to my website to make it more interactive as well as to offer how even people almost 40 years ago still thought the amendment had an impact.
Murray, Billy. "Sister Susie's Sewing Shirts for Soldiers." Rec. 31 Jan. 1915. N.d. Free Music Archive. Web. 8 Apr. 2009. <http://freemusicarchive.org/music/Billy_Murray/Edison_Blue_Amberol_2530/Sister_Susies_sewing_shirts_for_soldiers>.
This song, recorded during WWI, tells the story of a woman who is sewing shirts for soldiers overseas. It exhibits the feelings of the time as well as how crucial society thought these ladies’ contributions were. I included a clip on my “Lending a Hand” webpage so the audience could have audio to listen to while looking a the war posters.
Noble, Sarah. "U.S. National Woman's Party Campaigns for Right to Vote, 1914-1920." Global Nonviolent Action Database, 18 Aug. 2008. Web. 22 Nov. 2013. <http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/us-national-womans-party-campaigns-right-vote-1914-1920>.
I learned more about the different groups vouching for women’s suffrage from this article. It explains how each of them went about in earning it, as well as the endless challenges and opposing forces they faced.
Paradise, Lee Ann. "Women in Industry Service." St. James Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide. Ed. Neil Schlager. Vol. 2. Detroit: St. James Press, 2004. 426-430. U.S. History in Context. Web. 6 Nov. 2013.
I found this source to be beneficial in explaining the formation of the Women’s Bureau in the early 1900s. The author described the conditions of females at the time and how WWI was the perfect atmosphere for an organization like the Bureau to establish itself.
"Our History: An Overview (1920-2012)." Women's Bureau of the Department of Labor, n.d. Web. 1 Nov. 2013. <http://www.dol.gov/wb/info_about_wb/interwb.htm>.
This is a summary of the contributions of the Women’s Bureau, which was an effect of females’ contributions during World War One. It gave insight on how the Bureau has changed women’s lives on the workplace over the decades.
"Patriotism or Equal Rights: The Suffragist’s Dichotomy during World War I." History Engine: Tools for Collaborative Education and Research | Episodes. University of Richmond, n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2014. <http://historyengine.richmond.edu/episodes/view/5322>.
This informative article assessed one of my primary sources, “Suffragists Pledge Aid to the Nation.” It goes over the different viewpoints and conclusions one could formulate after reading the original text, and explains the impact of women in WWI.
"Progressive Era (1880-1930)." NWHM Exhibit: A History of Women in Industry. National Women's History Museum, 2007. Web. 18 Oct. 2013. <http://www.nwhm.org/online-exhibits/industry/6.htm>.
This online review assembled by the NWHM goes over what major milestones and achievements there were regarding women in the Progressive Era. It provided a great glimpse of how the urbanization of America influenced working conditions, as well as encouraging me to research the Women’s Bureau.
Stone, Tanya Lee. The Progressive Era and World War I. N.p.: Steck-Vaughn, 2001. Print.
This book explains more about the Progressive Era and background events leading up to the labor movement in WWI. At the same time, I learned why the war actually happened and about the relations between countries. Also, I learned about the efforts people on the home front were taking to help people overseas. I used this source to ponder deeper about the causes and effects of the First World War.
The National Women's Party. Perf. Lisa Kathleen Graddy, Kyle Ciani. 2011. C-SPAN. Web. 15 Dec. 2013. <http://www.c-span.org/Events/The-National-Womans-Party/10737425037/>.
This talk given in Washington D.C. on the NWP’s militant efforts to gain suffrage further opened my eyes to the strife many women faced. I learned much about the tactics they used, and how the women directly addressed President Wilson without abusing their rights. A clip from this video is included on one of the pages of my website.
The Progressive Era. Hank Green. CrashCourse, 29 Aug. 2013. Web. 28 Jan. 2014. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i0Q4zPR4G7M>.
I discovered this series, Crash Course, at school when we would watch videos in social studies from it. Crash Course also created video on the Progressive Era; I was introduced with a whole score of viewpoints on the effects of the Progressive Era involving democracy and socialism.
The Right to Equal Pay for Equal Work. White House, 10 June 2013. Web. 17 Mar. 2014.<http://www.whitehouse.gov/photos-and-video/video/2013/06/10/right-equal-pay-equal-work>.
This video, produced by the White House, explains the history of the equal pay movement as well as the current steps being taken by the Obama administration in addressing this issue. I included a clip of different officials explaining why they think wages, especially womens’ are important in America.
White House. Women Earn an Average of Just 77 Cents for Every Dollar Earned by Men. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Mar. 2014. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/equal-pay/myth#top>.
This e-card was created by the White House for people to share with others. It identities a pressing concern Congress is currently trying to ameliorate: equal pay.
Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience. New York: Knopf, 1984. Print.
This statistics-filled book contains a history of women from the 17th-19th centuries. I read much about women in the Civil War, why they were paid less than men, and how “male” and “female” jobs differentiated. I utilized this beneficial source to examine closer how WWI tied into the rest of history, as well as to think about what factors may have been at play.
“Women, Work, and the War.” American Decades. Ed. Judith S. Baughman, et al. Vol. 2: 1910-1919. Detroit: Gale, 2001. U.S. History In Context. Web. 15 Sep. 2013.
I found this review of the reactions that occurred when ladies pursued male-dominated jobs, like police officers, in WWI. It contained information on the rights females demanded, the prejudice they faced, and the impact their venture had on women’s perceived role in society, especially in future generations.
Women in the U.S. Congress 1971-2013. Digital image. Rutgers University Center for American Women and Politics, 3 May 2013. Web. 4 Feb. 2014. <http://cawp.rutgers.edu/footnotes/buffett/women-in-congress_web>.
This recently created graph, compiled by Rutgers University, displays the trend of women who have participated in Congress over a span of 43 years, which has consistently increased. I applied this image to the “Politics” page.